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| | 线性代数的本质 | | | 数学中国 ï½ 2025-09-13 | | | |
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scroll 0 1 线性代数课程，无论你从行列式入手还是直接从矩阵入手，从一开始就充斥着莫名其妙。
比如说，在全国一般工科院系教学中应用最广泛的同济线性代数教材（现在到了第四版），一上来就介绍逆序数这个古怪概念，然后用逆序数给出行列式的一个极不直观的定义，接着是一些简直犯傻的行列式性质和习题——把这行乘一个系数加到另一行上，再把那一列减过来，折腾得那叫一个热闹，可就是压根看不出这个东西有嘛用。
大多数像我一样资质平庸的学生到这里就有点犯晕：连这是个什么东西都模模糊糊的，就开始钻火圈表演了，这未免太无厘头了吧！于是开始有人逃课，更多的人开始抄作业。这下就中招了，因为其后的发展可以用一句峰回路转来形容，紧跟着这个无厘头的行列式的，是一个同样无厘头但是伟大的无以复加的家伙的出场——矩阵来了！多年之后，我才明白，当老师犯傻似地用中括号把一堆傻了吧叽的数括起来，并且不紧不慢地说：“这个东西叫做矩阵”的时候，我的数学生涯掀开了何等悲壮辛酸、惨绝人寰的一幕！自那以后，在几乎所有跟“学问”二字稍微沾点边的东西里，矩阵这个家伙从不缺席。对于我这个没能一次搞定线性代数的笨蛋来说，矩阵老大的不请自来每每搞得我灰头土脸，头破血流。长期以来，我在阅读中一见矩阵，就如同阿Q见到了假洋鬼子，揉揉额角就绕道走。
事实上，我并不是特例。一般工科学生初学线性代数，通常都会感到困难。这种情形在国内外皆然。瑞典数学家Lars Garding在其名著Encounter with Mathematics中说：“如果不熟悉线性代数的概念，要去学习自然科学，现在看来就和文盲差不多。然而“按照现行的国际标准，线性代数是通过公理化来表述的，它是第二代数学模型，这就带来了教学上的困难。”事实上，当我们开始学习线性代数的时候，不知不觉就进入了“第二代数学模型”的范畴当中，这意味着数学的表述方式和抽象性有了一次全面的进化，对于从小一直在“第一代数学模型”，即以实用为导向的、具体的数学模型中学习的我们来说，在没有并明确告知的情况下进行如此剧烈的paradigm shift，不感到困难才是奇怪的。
大部分工科学生，往往是在学习了一些后继课程，如数值分析、数学规划、矩阵论之后，才逐渐能够理解和熟练运用线性代数。即便如此，不少人即使能够很熟练地以线性代数为工具进行科研和应用工作，但对于很多这门课程的初学者提出的、看上去是很基础的问题却并不清楚。比如说：
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