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| | 在极权政权下回看刘晓波的和平主义 | | | 瑞迪 ｜ 法广 ｜ 2026-09-11 | | | |
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scroll 0 1 2026年7月13日是中国著名异议人士及2010诺贝尔和平奖得主刘晓波在狱中逝世九周年。德国媒体《欧洲之声》和英国“中国研究“在前东德城市莱比锡组织专题纪念活动及中国宪政民主讨论会。前香港《开放》杂志资深编辑蔡咏梅女士围绕“刘晓波留下的精神遗产”发言。她回顾了中国知识界曾经的一场核心争论：“是做哈维尔还是昆德拉？哈维尔和昆德拉都是前捷克斯洛伐克共产政权下的异议作家。蔡咏梅认为，刘晓波用一生践行了哈维尔式的勇气与自我反省精神——从早年的愤世嫉俗转变到后来的和平主义坚守，从“文学愤青”转变为“公共知识分子”。而在极权政权依然强势的当下，刘晓波坚守的超越仇恨的和平主义依然有其重要意义。
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前香港《开放》杂志资深编辑蔡咏梅女士2026年7月13日在莱比锡纪念刘晓波逝世九周年及中国宪政民主讨论会上发言。 © 法广中文部
飞蛾扑火——刘晓波的哈维尔式精神
法广：蔡咏梅女士，您好。您在这次活动中做了关于“刘晓波给我们留下的精神遗产”的演讲。您在演讲中特别提到在中国知识界曾经有过一场大辩论：是做哈维尔还是做昆德拉? 哈维尔是当时捷克斯洛伐克的异议作家，也是“七七宪章”的发起人；昆德拉也是捷克斯洛伐克的异议作家，但他后来加入了法国籍。为什么当时中国会有是做哈维尔还是做昆德拉这样的争论？
蔡咏梅：第一，是他们之间的共通性，就是他们对集权政权的认识都是一样的，知道集权政权是控制了政治权利，剥夺人民的自由权利。他们对集权政权都是不认同的。这一点上我觉得他们没有什么区别，他们都认识到集权政权的本质。但是，如何对待我们生活在其中的这个社会？集权政权这么强大的时候我们该怎么办？在这个问题上，他们的取舍是不一样的。哈维尔觉得，作为一个知识分子，第一，我们要对这个政权、这个社会有清晰的认识，要站在争取人权、争取民主这样的位置上。但同时，我们不光是自己要讲真话，而且，当他人的权利被剥夺的时候，我们也要帮他人发声，不能沉默。昆德拉则有一本著作，书名叫《生命中不能承受之轻》，里面就塑造了另外一种知识分子，就是不与政权合作，洁身自好，也就是把我自己管好就行了……我觉得这种想法也不是不可取。但是，也由此产生一种理论，就是说，如果在这种情况下有人站出来呼吁抗争，去维护他人的权利，那会怎么样？他们会认为，因为大众期望有一种英雄出现，这种挺身而出是在迎合这种心态。这个理论推展下去，甚至会认为，这种迎合大众心态其实与强权在道德上的取舍都差不多……我觉得这就有点混淆了是非立场。
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