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scroll 0 1 有一个问题困扰了我将近十年：为什么美国有一半人看着唐纳德・川普，却不觉得他在道德上令人厌恶？
他撒谎、欺骗、偷窃、背叛，以残酷而腐败的方式行事，可7000多万美国人至少认为，他在道德上是可以接受的。有些人甚至把他视为英雄，觉得他值得钦佩、非常出色。
我们究竟是怎么走到这种道德麻木的地步的？
我要讲一个故事。这是我对于美国为何陷入这种令人沮丧境地的最佳解释。这个故事很大程度上借鉴了伟大道德哲学家阿拉斯代尔・麦金太尔的思想。他今年5月去世，享年94岁。
这个故事试图解释，西方文化是如何一步步演变，以至于今天数以百万计的人已经无法作出最基本的道德判断。而这种情况绝不仅仅发生在共和党人和川普支持者身上。
故事要从很久以前说起。
回到某座古代城市，比如亚里士多德时代的雅典。
在那里，如果有人问你：“你怎样定义自己人生的目的？”
人们恐怕根本无法理解这个问题。
寻找人生目的，并不是个人自己的选择。
人们出生并成长在由家庭、部族、城邦和国家构成的紧密社会网络中。他们从这些共同体那里继承各种职责、责任和义务，也继承自己的社会角色，以士兵、农民、商人、母亲、教师等身份服务身边的人。
每一种社会角色，都有相应的卓越标准，也有一套规范来判断一个人应该做什么。
成为优秀的战士、母亲或者朋友，都有相应的标准。
人生目的同样存在于共同体的福祉之中：以某种角色服务社会，把自己的生活方式传给下一代，并遵守神圣律法。
随后发生了17世纪的宗教战争，无数人为此流血丧生。
人们对这些宗教的厌恶推动了启蒙运动的兴起。宗教的神圣色彩逐渐消退，理性受到推崇。
启蒙思想家提出：我们不能继续因为谁的道德观才是正确的而彼此杀戮。那就让道德成为私人事务吧。每个人都可以形成自己的价值观，而我们要学习如何与这种多样性共存。
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